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  • 字体大小: 发表于:2011-11-16 08:55
    故宫的砖为什么比金子还贵?
    <P><IMG src="/UpFile/Attach/201111/2011030915454816166.jpg"></P><P> </P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">用砖铺地,不是修建紫禁城时创建的传统,据记载,早在两千多年前的春秋末期,人们在建造房屋时,就开始用砖铺设道路。到了明代修建紫禁城时,皇帝不惜重金也要打造恢宏壮丽的宫殿建筑群,每一个细节都不能忽略,哪怕是踩在脚下的路,都是需要装点修饰的对象,实际上,皇帝的要求也的确达到了。紫禁城的金碧辉煌只能让百姓们望而止步,于是,民间便流传着“紫禁城的地都是用金砖墁的”这样的传言,当然,大家都知道这不可能是真的,紫禁城那么大,如果真用黄金铸砖铺地,实在是难以想象的事。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">虽说紫禁城铺地的不是“金砖”,但也不是一般的砖,而是一种看上去光润似墨玉、踏上去不滑不涩的方砖。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">明代在营建紫禁城时,铺地所用的细砖都是苏州等五府烧造的,因为苏州等地位于大运河旁,土质细腻,含胶体物质多,可塑性大,澄浆容易,制成的砖质地密实,而且,制成之后,可就近利用运河水运到北京。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">这种砖的制作工艺非常的复杂,根据明代宋应星所著的《天工开物》中的记载,此砖要经过二十多道复杂的工序,按照正确的顺序才能铸成。首先是选取“黏而不散,粉而不沙”的泥土作为原料,经“汲水滋土,人逐数牛错趾,踏成稠泥”,叫做练泥。泥练好后,填满木框中,“平板盖面,两人足立其上,研转而坚固之”,然后将砖坯阴干,入窑烧制。此砖制作起来复杂,烧制时的工序也是极为复杂。据明代时,在苏州主持制砖的工部郎中张向之所写的《造砖图说》中,可以看到此砖入窑烧制的情况:入窑后要以糠草熏</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">月,片柴烧</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">月,棵柴烧</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">月,松枝柴烧</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">40</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">天,凡</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">130</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">日而出窑。还没结束,出窑后还要在特制的桐油中浸泡百日,这样才能制作完成一批金砖。当时,金砖主要有</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">尺</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">寸、</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">尺、</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">尺</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">寸等三种型号。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">此砖在铺设过程中,要求更为严格。首先进行砍磨加工,以使墁好后表面严丝合缝,即所谓的“磨砖对缝”。然后抄平铺泥、弹线、试铺,最后按试铺要求墁好、刮平,浸以生桐油,才算完成。根据清代官书《工程做法》上规定,砍磨</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">尺金砖每一工只能砍</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">块。而墁地时每瓦工</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">人、壮工</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">人,每天只能墁</SPAN><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">块,可见,铺设工程的细致程度。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ´Times New Roman´; mso-hansi-font-family: ´Times New Roman´">仅仅是为皇宫铺地的砖,就如此讲究,倒也不难想到为什么会称之为“金砖”了。一种说法认为,是由于此砖端正完整,颗粒细腻、质地密实,颜色纯青,敲起来有金石之声,所以叫“金砖”。也有人认为,由于此砖只运到北京的“京仓”,供皇宫专用,所以叫“京砖”,之后逐步演变为“金砖”。无论是那种原因,此砖凝聚了那么多劳动人民的智慧与血汗,耗费了如此多的人力与物力,的确是不能用黄金轻易计算出的。如果从这个意义考量,称其为“金砖”,乃实至名归。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P><P> </P>
     
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